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Fires Are A Natural Part Of Ecosystems In Grass Prairies, Savanna, Chaparral, Coniferous Forests And Rain Forests - Suppressing Natural Forest Fires Only Makes Them Worse When They Do Happen, And Eliminates Many Species - Fire Ecology And Timing Of Fires In Various Ecosystems Is Part Of Natural Law

Fires Are A Natural Part Of Ecosystems In Grass Prairies, Savanna, Chaparral, Coniferous Forests And Rain Forests - Suppressing Natural Forest Fires Only Makes Them Worse When They Do Happen, And Eliminates Many Species -  Fire Ecology And Timing Of Fires In Various Ecosystems Is Part Of Natural Law

2020 - MOST HUMANS ARE SO SEPARATED FROM NATURE AND IGNORANT OF NATURAL LAWS, THAT THEY DO NOT EVEN UNDERSTAND HOW THEY ARE CAUSING THE PROBLEM OF GROWING, MORE SEVERE AND MONSTROUS FIRE STORMS

In every country around the world, forest and other fires are increasing in size, intensity, and duration. Fire seasons are growing longer and growing more severe, as far as consequences, number of homes and businesses burned to the ground, as well as in fatalities or injuries. 








































Dozens of major fires are burning across North America. As of Sept. 14, according to NIFC, there are over 30,000 firefighters and support personnel assigned to wildfires. The current fires have burned more than 4.6 million acres in 10 states.

Forest fires happen regularly in all ecosystems such as grasslands, brushlands, savanna forests, and even rain forests. The only difference between the fires in these different areas is the frequency that they occur. Humans can try to win the war on Nature, but will fail to prevent the natural fire cycle in all ecosystems. 

Suppressing fires in various ecosystems that naturally burn in normal 'cycles' is part of how humans are violating Natural Laws. Native Americans worked in harmony with Natural Laws, including the natural fire cycle. They purposely started fires at the right time of year, when combustion would barely be possible, so that the forest could not burn into the tops of the trees, and the fire would stay on the ground, clearing the forest debris and fertilizing the forest naturally. 

Today, Native Americans are for the most part, prevented from doing this caretaking duty that used to work in harmony with Nature and Natural Laws. Thus, the fires that do happen today occur during the worst time of year, when the forest is dried out and full of debris that allows the fire to 'ladder up' into the tops of the trees, and when high winds are present. The winds carry the flames  in 300 foot high walls across the entire forest, destroying it all, and baking the ground so that nothing can grow. Because the fires travel so fast and hop again many miles via carried embers in the winds, many animals that would survive end up being killed in these raging out of control monster fires. 

In addition, global warming is making the fire danger worse, so the fire season is getting longer. Fires that do happen are getting worse, bigger and longer, due to the war against Nature. 

HOTTEST JULY IN 140 YEARS HAPPENED IN 2019, AND IT WILL GET HOTTER STILL

Wildfires: After July was hottest month ever, fires rage across globe
The average global temperature in July was 1.71 degrees F above the 20th-century average of 60.4 degrees, making it the hottest July in the 140-year record, according to scientists at NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information.

The previous hottest month on record was July 2016. Nine of the 10 hottest recorded Julys have occurred since 2005; the last five years have ranked as the five hottest. Last month was also the 43rd consecutive July and 415th consecutive month with above-average global temperatures.

.....now the fires are the worst they’ve been since at least 2010, based on initial data, he said.

THE NATURAL FIRE CYCLE (WITHOUT HUMAN INTERVENTION) IS DEPENDENT ON LIGHTNING AND WEATHER CONDITIONS SUCH AS DROUGHTS, WHICH HAPPEN IN REGULAR CYCLES

What is the natural timing of fires in various ecosystems?

Desert; fires are very rare due to lack of fuel 

Grasslands, Steppe, Prairies; fires naturally occur every 1-5 years 

Woodland, Chaparral/Brush areas; fires naturally occur every 5-20 years 

 Mixed Conifer Sierra Nevada forests; fires naturally occur every 5-300 years

Savanna forests; fires naturally occur every 15-70 years 

Rain forests; fires naturally occur every 300-800 years 

This is not a complete or comprehensive list, but serves to illustrate the point that fire is natural and required in all areas in order to preserve a 'balance'. Life on Earth has evolved over millions of years with fire as a part of what is required in all of the above environments, but on different time lines and frequencies. 

FIRES ARE A NATURAL PART OF MANY ECOSYSTEMS; SUPPRESSING FIRES MUST MAKES THEM WORSE AND BIGGER PLUS MORE DESTRUCTIVE, WHEN THEY DO EVENTUALLY HAPPEN


On Earth, something is always burning. Wildfires are started by lightning or accidentally by people, and people use controlled fires to manage farmland and pasture and clear natural vegetation for farmland. Fires can generate large amounts of smoke pollution, release greenhouse gases, and unintentionally degrade ecosystems. But fires can also clear away dead and dying underbrush, which can help restore an ecosystem to good health. In many ecosystems, including boreal forests and grasslands, plants have co-evolved with fire and require periodic burning to reproduce.

MAN MADE DEFORESTATION AND CLEAR CUTTING, BURNING/DESTROYING OLD GROWTH TREES AFFECTS THE ENTIRE GLOBE, NOT JUST A LOCAL AREA OR REGION


How the Amazon’s fires, deforestation affect the U.S. Midwest
An invisible atmospheric river that carries water vapor from the rainforest’s billions of trees helps to hydrate the land, as well as provide moisture across the South American continent. However, the continued loss of vegetation in the Amazon could have a cumulative effect, not only in contributing to climate change but also affecting rainfall patterns around the globe, including the U.S. Midwest, threatening food production and destabilizing ecosystems, according to the experts.

“The Amazon is definitely a weather engine,” said Meg Symington, the World Wildlife Fund’s senior director for the Amazon in the United States.

“It’s well-known that the weather patterns affect rainfall in the breadbasket of South America,” she added, “but there’s also evidence that it affects the breadbasket that is the middle of the U.S.”

This is why the Earth is drying out.. 

Loss of trees leads to loss of the global atmospheric river that trees create. Nothing else can do this.

Clear cutting or man made burning of entire mature old growth forests decimates this atmospheric river and this leads DIRECTLY to man created droughts, plus global warming. 

These billions of trees act to moderate the weather, moderate rainfall, moderate temperature swings, moderate droughts, inhibit global warming, inhibit negative climate changes, etc..

NASA Images Show Just How Much Carbon Monoxide Is Coming Off The Burning Amazon
This animation of the new data shows carbon monoxide rising into the atmosphere, indicated by colours green, yellow, and dark red to demonstrate the concentration of the gas by parts per billion by volume (ppvb).

Concern for the world’s largest rainforest arose as a record number of wildfires blazed through the Amazon this year – a total of 72,843 incidents, according to Brazil’s National Institute for Space Research (INPE).

The fires were reportedly caused by humans. Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro has encouraged the development of the rainforest for mining, logging, and farming.

HUMAN INTERVENTION AND THE WAR ON NATURE VIA BURNING FOSSIL FUELS PLUS FIRE SUPPRESSION IS A LOSE/LOSE BATTLE THAT CANNOT BE WON

Humans have mistakenly believed that they can fight Nature and prevent fires. Waging a war on Nature is a useless attempt. Nature always wins in the end, and suppressing something natural only makes it worse when it does happen, because the fires get larger, more intense and much hotter when the fires finally happen anyway, due to the increased fuel load and amount of dried out or dead vegetation that serves as a fuel.

This is the age of fires and burning.....
VIDEO: https://www.facebook.com/earways/videos/456158341459226/

As people build further into the areas were fires are a natural part of the ecosystem, fire suppression is often thought of, in order to prevent loss of property or lives. The problem is not the fires, but the people who think that they can live in fire prone areas, and then suppress the fires in those areas with firefighters.

As insurance companies are finding out, losses are getting worse and are much higher in areas where natural 'disasters' happen regularly, including flood zones, fire zones, hurricane zones and tornado zones, just to name a few. 








































As natural disasters increase in intensity and size plus frequency due to human caused global warming, fire suppression, clear cutting mature rain forests, and negative climate changes caused by this, losses from natural disasters will keep on increasing in size, until insurance in disaster prone areas is no longer affordable or even financially possible. Insurance companies are already pulling out of natural disaster prone areas, because the losses are not financially sustainable.

INSURERS ARE QUIETLY REDUCING THEIR EXPOSURE IN THE HIGHEST FIRE RISK AREAS, OR ARE RAISING PREMIUMS BY HUGE AMOUNTS, THUS MAKING IT UNAFFORDABLE TO  LIVE IN HIGH RISK AREAS


Insurers Quietly Withdrawing from Climate Risk Areas | Climate Denial Crock of the Week
New York Times:

Insurers are quietly reducing their exposure to fire-prone regions across the Western United States, putting new pressure on homeowners and raising concerns that climate change could eventually make insurance unaffordable in some areas.

Officials in California, Washington, Montana and Colorado are getting more complaints from people whose insurance companies have refused to renew their coverage. The complaints follow years of record-setting wildfires in both size and cost, a trend that scientists expect to continue as global warming accelerates.

“I think that we are not far away from a lot of weather-related events being too expensive for most people to purchase comprehensive coverage,” said Carolyn Kousky, executive director of the Wharton Risk Center at the University of Pennsylvania. “What happens then is the big question.”

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Up To 58,000 Square Miles Of Forest Lost To Forest Fires, Clearcutting, And Desertification Globally Each Year, Equivalent of 36 Football Fields Every Minute, Cutting Out The Lungs Of Earth, Decreasing Oxygen Production, Increasing CO2 - Sustainable Forest Management Solutions

THE EARTH IS DRYING OUT, DUE TO HUMAN CAUSED GLOBAL WARMING, AND THIS WILL RESULT IN DRASTIC CHANGES, WHICH CANNOT BE PREVENTED







































There is only a very small percentage of old growth rain forest left in the US. Glaciers are disappearing fast, all over the globe. Both of the poles ice caps are melting at accelerating rates. 

Glaciers Receding Globally, 150 Cubic Miles of Ice Being Lost Each Year, 4.3 Trillion Tons Of Ice Melted In Just Last 8 Years - Sea Levels Rising And Earth Rotation Changing As A Result - Iceland Held Funeral For First Glacier Lost To Human Caused Global Warming And Climate Change Effects



"Two centuries ago, expanses of coastal temperate rainforests stretched from northern California to southern Alaska. Today, only about 4 percent of the California redwoods remain, while in Oregon and Washington, the forests are less than 10 percent of what they once were. Still, even in a degraded state, this eco-region, including British Columbia and Alaska, contains more than a quarter of the world’s remaining coastal temperate rainforest.

The negative consequences of getting rid of old growth forests is an increase in global warming and droughts, because old growth forests moderate the climate both locally and regionally, in many positive ways. Getting rid of old growth rain forests by clear cutting them guarantees climate disaster via droughts, more fires, and disappearing glaciers. As glaciers disappear, things will get worse quickly, because glaciers have such a huge positive impact on moderating temperatures, and providing fresh drinking water. 

When  loggers first cut down old growth rain forests, these massive 2,000 year old trees were 20-30 feet or more in diameter. Some of these giants even reached 40 feet in diameter. Today only a few of these ancient ones are left. As these huge old growth trees disappeared, loggers cut down large trees that were smaller, but were on average 4 to 10 feet in diameter. As these trees disappeared, smaller trees were concentrated on, with an average of 2-4 feet in diameter. Now those trees are disappearing due to unsustainable over harvesting via clear cutting.

The logging companies are now cutting trees that are only .5 to 1.5 feet in diameter in the pursuit of short term PROFIT. The logging trucks are full of smaller and smaller trees, as the forests are cleared of younger and younger trees. As trees are harvested more quickly at younger and younger ages, the environment suffers, the soil suffers, the watershed suffers, glaciers disappear, plus the fish and wildlife disappears. Humans will suffer too, as the consequences catch up and get worse, much worse. 

3.9 million hectares of old-growth forests were lost in 2018
Old-growth rain forests are some of the greatest carbon capture tools on Earth. Because they’ve never been cut, their roots extend deep into the soil, storing extra carbon. Yet in 2018, across the world, 3.9 million hectares of primary rain forest–collectively, an area the size of Belgium–disappeared.

Some of this loss was due to events like wildfires. But much of old-growth forest loss across the world, and the disappearance of 12 million total hectares of tree cover last year, was caused by human activity, a new study from the World Resources Institute’s and the University of Maryland’s joint program, Global Forest Watch.
via fastcompany 3.9 million hectares of old-growth forests were lost in 2018

CLEAR CUTTING OLD GROWTH FORESTS, BURNING FOSSIL FUELS AND NUCLEAR PLANT EMISSIONS ALL HAVE THE SAME IMPACT; GLOBAL WARMING, AND NEGATIVE CLIMATE CHANGE CONSEQUENCES ACCELERATING IN A DOWNWARD ENTROPIC DIRECTION


Clear cutting mature old growth rain forests has the same impact that burning fossil fuels and nuclear energy toxic heavy metal radioactive poison emissions have on the climate. All of them added together create an acceleration of global warming, droughts, and less fresh water for drinking, as well as warmer water that is inhospitable to life, such as salmon, which require cold water for their life cycle. 





































What happens when a rainforest burns? | Grist
The natural fire cycle in these forests is about 500 to 800 years. In other words, once every half-millennium or more this forest may experience a moderate-sized fire. But that’s now changing. Mark Huff, who has been studying wildfires in the park since the late 1970s, told Seattle’s public radio station KUOW that in the past half-century there have already been “three modest-sized fires” here, including the Paradise, though the other two were less destructive. According to a National Park Service map (“Olympic National Park: Fire History 1896-2006”) in the western rain forest, during that century-plus, two lightning-caused fires burned more than 100 acres and another more than 500 acres.

A team of international climate change and rainforest experts published a study earlier this year warning that, “without drastic and immediate cuts to greenhouse gas emissions and new forest protections, the world’s most expansive stretch of temperate rainforests from Alaska to the coast redwoods will experience irreparable losses.” In fact, says the study’s lead author, Dominick DellaSala, “In the Pacific Northwest … the climate may no longer support rainforest communities.”

As forests dry out and droughts increase in both length and severity, forest and other fires will increase in intensity, size and amount of negative consequences, such as entire cities burning, along with homes in the forested areas. The following article provides an example of what will become more common, ordinary and average in the future, and quite possibly get even worse than this. 

Go deeper

2017 California Forestfires; 14,728 Homes Destroyed/Damaged, 1.1 Million Acres Burned, 100 People Hospitalized, 40 Dead, 200 Missing; How To Deal With Aftermath, Maps Of Forest Fires, Missing Persons, How To Create Forest Fire Disaster Emergency Kit

WHAT IMPACT IS HUMAN FOSSIL FUEL BURNING HAVING ON FORESTS? 

Many people are still in denial and believe that human caused global warming plus negative climate changes that happen as a result of this, is just 'fake news'. 










































Nature does not care if a person believes or does not believe in reality.

Denial is not a river in Egypt. 

Go deeper

Mass Die Off Of Forests Happening Globally And Accelerating Death Rate Of Trees Is Increasing Due To Increasing CO2, Ozone, Air Pollution, Droughts, Desertification, Ionizing Radiation, Acid Rain And Other Human Caused Reasons, Negative Tipping Point

1 Percent Rich Care More About Possessions Than Global Extinction Event, Plus 99 Percent Of People Suffering From High Medical Bills, Unemployment, Poverty, Homelessness - NotreDame Cathedral Versus Grenfel High Rise Tower Fire - US Sinking Into Full Blown Fascism 


WHAT IMPACT IS THE NUCLEAR INDUSTRY AND NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS HAVING ON FORESTS? 






















Got radioactive forests? 

Due to numerous nuclear accidents and radioactive heavy metal poison releases on a constant basis, forests are all contaminated with these heavy metal radioactive poisons.

These poisons are making trees weaker, which then makes them unable to withstand insect attacks, wind storms, droughts, or other threats.

Forests are dying off all over the globe. 

With each forest fire, these heavy metal radioactive poisons are released into the air, and travel downwind with the smoke. 

As people breathe in these heavy metal radioactive poisons in the smoke, health problems will occur at a higher rate than just with smoke alone. 

Fukushima Mieruka Project: Hasegawa Kenichi (Former Dairy Farmer)

“The nuclear plant took everything…” Maeta district of Iitate Village, where temporary storage of contaminated soil still stands out. Mr. Hasagawa, local leader at the time of the disaster, said, “We are just in the way of the Olympics. In the end, the radiation affected places like us are just in the way. They are going ahead just wanting to get rid of these places from Japan, to forget.” We visited his house together with Muto Ruiko, who lives in Miharu Town, Fukushima Prefecture."

The nuclear plant took everything…” Kenichi Hasegawa was the local leader of Maeta District of Iitate Village, where even today mountains of bags of contaminated soil stand out. “The nuclear plant took everything. There used to be children here. When the kids were still here, we went to the hills together all the time. We picked many things, taught them all about it, it was natural. We can’t do anything like that any more. I mean, even the children are no longer here,” he says

Go deeper

Chernobyl, Fukushima, TMI - Radioactive Forests, Fires, Smoke, Straw, Pollen And Pine Needles - 177,000 Bq/Kg, Pollen With 253,000 Bq/Kg In Japan; How Radioactive Is The Forest Where You Live?

Radioactive Forests Emit Radioactive Heavy Metal Poison Smoke As Wildfires Across Globe Increasing In Size; Areas Burned Have Doubled, Says US Forest Service Fire Science Lab And Journal Nature, Clean Indoor Air With Box Fan And Merv 13 Furnace Filter

LIGHTNING STARTS MANY FOREST FIRES, BUT HUMANS ARE CREATING AN INCREASE IN LIGHTNING VIA FOSSIL FUEL USE


Fires will often break out during a dry season, but in some areas wildfires may also commonly occur during a time of year when lightning is prevalent. The frequency over a span of years at which fire will occur at a particular location is a measure of how common wildfires are in a given ecosystem. It is either defined as the average interval between fires at a given site, or the average interval between fires in an equivalent specified area.[7]


William Miller San Francisco Lightning [by dennisk928 of Imgur]
San Francisco Bay Area lightning storm on 09/11/2017. Shot from Lawrence Hall of Science in Berkeley. Composite of ~20 pictures.























Due to global warming caused by fossil fuel use, lightning strikes are increasing about 12 percent, per 1 degree rise in temperature globally. Because the globe has warmed up about 2 degrees Fahrenheit. This means lightning strikes have increased about 24 percent on average around the world. 

LIGHTNING STARTS MANY FOREST FIRES, BUT HUMANS ARE CREATING AN INCREASE IN LIGHTNING VIA NUCLEAR HIGH TECHNOLOGY


Go deeper

Lightning Strikes To Increase 12% Per 1 Degree F Rise In Global Temperature, Long Term increase Of 50 percent, Due To Global Warming, Cost Of Global Warming And Climate Change Denial To Total 100 Trillion For US Alone, Study Says

Part of the increase is also due to the release of Krypton gas from nuclear weapons tests, and nuclear power stations. This invisible radioactive gas has the effect of increasing the conductivity of the atmosphere, thus increasing the amount of lightning that happens. 


Credit/source; Janice Hartung Schalk

Go deeper

Radioactive Krypton 85 Gas Released By All Nuclear Power Stations And Nuclear Weapons Tests Generates Massive Storms, Larger Typhoons And More Lightning Due To Increased Conductivity Of The Atmosphere - Nuclear Industry Is Making Global Warming And Climate Changes Worse

WHAT IS NATURAL LAW BASED FIRE ECOLOGY?


Wikipedia; "The Old Fire burning in the San Bernardino Mountains (image taken from the International Space Station)

Fire ecology is a scientific discipline concerned with natural processes involving fire in an ecosystem and the ecological effects, the interactions between fire and the abiotic and biotic components of an ecosystem, and the role as an ecosystem process. 

Many ecosystems, particularly prairie, savanna, chaparral and coniferous forests, have evolved with fire as an essential contributor to habitat vitality and renewal.[1] Many plant species in fire-affected environments require fire to germinate, establish, or to reproduce. Wildfire suppression not only eliminates these species, but also the animals that depend upon them.[2]

Campaigns in the United States have historically molded public opinion to believe that wildfires are always harmful to nature. This view is based on the outdated belief that ecosystems progress toward an equilibrium and that any disturbance, such as fire, disrupts the harmony of nature. More recent ecological research has shown, however, that fire is an integral component in the function and biodiversity of many natural habitats, and that the organisms within these communities have adapted to withstand, and even to exploit, natural wildfire. More generally, fire is now regarded as a 'natural disturbance', similar to flooding, wind-storms, and landslides, that has driven the evolution of species and controls the characteristics of ecosystems.[3]

Fire suppression, in combination with other human-caused environmental changes, may have resulted in unforeseen consequences for natural ecosystems. Some large wildfires in the United States have been blamed on years of fire suppression and the continuing expansion of people into fire-adapted ecosystems, but climate change is more likely responsible.[4] Land managers are faced with tough questions regarding how to restore a natural fire regime, but allowing wildfires to burn is the least expensive and likely most effective method.[5]


A combination of photos taken at a photo point at Florida Panther NWR. The photos are panoramic and cover a 360 degree view from a monitoring point. These photos range from pre-burn to 2 year post burn.

Fire components

A fire regime describes the characteristics of fire and how it interacts with a particular ecosystem.[6] Its "severity" is a term that ecologists use to refer to the impact that a fire has on an ecosystem. Ecologists can define this in many ways, but one way is through an estimate of plant mortality. Fire can burn at three levels. Ground fires will burn through soil that is rich in organic matter. Surface fires will burn through dead plant material that is lying on the ground. Crown fires will burn in the tops of shrubs and trees. Ecosystems generally experience a mix of all three.[7]

Fires will often break out during a dry season, but in some areas wildfires may also commonly occur during a time of year when lightning is prevalent. The frequency over a span of years at which fire will occur at a particular location is a measure of how common wildfires are in a given ecosystem. It is either defined as the average interval between fires at a given site, or the average interval between fires in an equivalent specified area.[7]

Defined as the energy released per unit length of fireline (kW m−1), wildfire intensity can be estimated either as
the product of
the linear spread rate (m s−1),
the low heat of combustion (kJ kg−1),
and the combusted fuel mass per unit area,
or it can be estimated from the flame length.[8]
Radiata pine plantation burnt during the 2003 Eastern Victorian alpine bushfires, Australia

Abiotic responses

Fires can affect soils through heating and combustion processes. Depending on the temperatures of the soils caused by the combustion processes, different effects will happen- from evaporation of water at the lower temperature ranges, to the combustion of soil organic matter and formation of pyrogenic organic matter, otherwise known as charcoal.[9]

Fires can cause changes in soil nutrients through a variety of mechanisms, which include oxidation, volatilization, erosion, and leaching by water, but the event must usually be of high temperatures in order of significant loss of nutrients to occur. However, quantity of nutrients available in soils are usually increased due to the ash that is generated, and this is made quickly available, as opposed to the slow release of nutrients by decomposition.[10] Rock spalling (or thermal exfoliation) accelerates weathering of rock and potentially the release of some nutrients.

Increase in the pH of the soil following a fire is commonly observed, most likely due to the formation of calcium carbonate, and the subsequent decomposition of this calcium carbonate to calcium oxide when temperatures get even higher.[9] It could also be due to the increased cation content in the soil due to the ash, which temporarily increases soil pH. Microbial activity in the soil might also increase due to the heating of soil and increased nutrient content in the soil, though studies have also found complete loss of microbes on the top layer of soil after a fire.[10][11] 

Overall, soils become more basic (higher pH) following fires because of acid combustion. By driving novel chemical reactions at high temperatures, fire can even alter the texture and structure of soils by affecting the clay content and the soil's porosity.

Removal of vegetation following a fire can cause several effects on the soil, such as increasing the temperatures of the soil during the day due to increased solar radiation on the soil surface, and greater cooling due to loss of radiative heat at night. Fewer leaves to intercept rain will also cause more rain to reach the soil surface, and with fewer plants to absorb the water, the amount of water content in the soils might increase. However, it might be seen that ash can be water repellent when dry, and therefore water content and availability might not actually increase.[12]

Biotic responses and adaptations
See also: Fire adaptations
Plants
Lodgepole pine cones

Plants have evolved many adaptations to cope with fire. Of these adaptations, one of the best-known is likely pyriscence, where maturation and release of seeds is triggered, in whole or in part, by fire or smoke; this behaviour is often erroneously called serotiny, although this term truly denotes the much broader category of seed release activated by any stimulus. All pyriscent plants are serotinous, but not all serotinous plants are pyriscent (some are necriscent, hygriscent, xeriscent, soliscent, or some combination thereof). On the other hand, germination of seed activated by trigger is not to be confused with pyriscence; it is known as physiological dormancy.

In chaparral communities in Southern California, for example, some plants have leaves coated in flammable oils that encourage an intense fire.[13] This heat causes their fire-activated seeds to germinate (an example of dormancy) and the young plants can then capitalize on the lack of competition in a burnt landscape. 

Other plants have smoke-activated seeds, or fire-activated buds. The cones of the Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) are, conversely, pyriscent: they are sealed with a resin that a fire melts away, releasing the seeds.[14] Many plant species, including the shade-intolerant giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), require fire to make gaps in the vegetation canopy that will let in light, allowing their seedlings to compete with the more shade-tolerant seedlings of other species, and so establish themselves.[15] Because their stationary nature precludes any fire avoidance, plant species may only be fire-intolerant, fire-tolerant or fire-resistant.[16]

Fire intolerance

Fire-intolerant plant species tend to be highly flammable and are destroyed completely by fire. Some of these plants and their seeds may simply fade from the community after a fire and not return; others have adapted to ensure that their offspring survives into the next generation. "Obligate seeders" are plants with large, fire-activated seed banks that germinate, grow, and mature rapidly following a fire, in order to reproduce and renew the seed bank before the next fire.[16][17] Seeds may contain the receptor protein KAI2, that is activated by the growth hormones karrikin released by the fire.[18]

Fire tolerance. Typical regrowth after an Australian bushfire

Fire tolerance

Fire-tolerant species are able to withstand a degree of burning and continue growing despite damage from fire. These plants are sometimes referred to as "resprouters." Ecologists have shown that some species of resprouters store extra energy in their roots to aid recovery and re-growth following a fire.[16][17] For example, after an Australian bushfire, the Mountain Grey Gum tree (Eucalyptus cypellocarpa) starts producing a mass of shoots of leaves from the base of the tree all the way up the trunk towards the top, making it look like a black stick completely covered with young, green leaves.

Fire resistance

Fire-resistant plants suffer little damage during a characteristic fire regime. These include large trees whose flammable parts are high above surface fires. Mature ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) is an example of a tree species that suffers virtually no crown damage under a naturally mild fire regime, because it sheds its lower, vulnerable branches as it matures.[16][19]

Animals, birds and microbes
A mixed flock of hawks hunting in and around a bushfire

Like plants, animals display a range of abilities to cope with fire, but they differ from most plants in that they must avoid the actual fire to survive. Although birds are vulnerable when nesting, they are generally able to escape a fire; indeed they often profit from being able to take prey fleeing from a fire and to recolonize burned areas quickly afterwards. 

Some anthropological and ethno-ornithological evidence suggests that certain species of fire-foraging raptors may engage in intentional fire propagation to flush out prey.[20][21] Mammals are often capable of fleeing a fire, or seeking cover if they can burrow. Amphibians and reptiles may avoid flames by burrowing into the ground or using the burrows of other animals. Amphibians in particular are able to take refuge in water or very wet mud.[16]

Some arthropods also take shelter during a fire, although the heat and smoke may actually attract some of them, to their peril.[22] Microbial organisms in the soil vary in their heat tolerance but are more likely to be able to survive a fire the deeper they are in the soil. A low fire intensity, a quick passing of the flames and a dry soil will also help. An increase in available nutrients after the fire has passed may result in larger microbial communities than before the fire.[23] 

The generally greater heat tolerance of bacteria relative to fungi makes it possible for soil microbial population diversity to change following a fire, depending on the severity of the fire, the depth of the microbes in the soil, and the presence of plant cover.[24] Certain species of fungi, such as Cylindrocarpon destructans appear to be unaffected by combustion contaminants, which can inhibit re-population of burnt soil by other microorganisms, and therefore have a higher chance of surviving fire disturbance and then recolonizing and out-competing other fungal species afterwards.[25]

Fire and ecological succession

Fire behavior is different in every ecosystem and the organisms in those ecosystems have adapted accordingly. One sweeping generality is that in all ecosystems, fire creates a mosaic of different habitat patches, with areas ranging from those having just been burned to those that have been untouched by fire for many years. This is a form of ecological succession in which a freshly burned site will progress through continuous and directional phases of colonization following the destruction caused by the fire.[26] 

Ecologists usually characterize succession through the changes in vegetation that successively arise. After a fire, the first species to re-colonize will be those with seeds are already present in the soil, or those with seeds are able to travel into the burned area quickly. These are generally fast-growing herbaceous plants that require light and are intolerant of shading. As time passes, more slowly growing, shade-tolerant woody species will suppress some of the herbaceous plants.[27] Conifers are often early successional species, while broad leaf trees frequently replace them in the absence of fire. Hence, many conifer forests are themselves dependent upon recurring fire.[28]

Different species of plants, animals, and microbes specialize in exploiting different stages in this process of succession, and by creating these different types of patches, fire allows a greater number of species to exist within a landscape. Soil characteristics will be a factor in determining the specific nature of a fire-adapted ecosystem, as will climate and topography.

Some examples of fire in different ecosystems
Forests

Mild to moderate fires burn in the forest understory, removing small trees and herbaceous groundcover. High-severity fires will burn into the crowns of the trees and kill most of the dominant vegetation. Crown fires may require support from ground fuels to maintain the fire in the forest canopy (passive crown fires), or the fire may burn in the canopy independently of any ground fuel support (an active crown fire). 

High-severity fire creates complex early seral forest habitat, or snag forest with high levels of biodiversity. When a forest burns frequently and thus has less plant litter build-up, below-ground soil temperatures rise only slightly and will not be lethal to roots that lie deep in the soil.[22] Although other characteristics of a forest will influence the impact of fire upon it, factors such as climate and topography play an important role in determining fire severity and fire extent.[29] Fires spread most widely during drought years, are most severe on upper slopes and are influenced by the type of vegetation that is growing.

Forests in British Columbia

In Canada, forests cover about 10% of the land area and yet harbor 70% of the country’s bird and terrestrial mammal species. Natural fire regimes are important in maintaining a diverse assemblage of vertebrate species in up to twelve different forest types in British Columbia.[30] Different species have adapted to exploit the different stages of succession, regrowth and habitat change that occurs following an episode of burning, such as downed trees and debris. The characteristics of the initial fire, such as its size and intensity, cause the habitat to evolve differentially afterwards and influence how vertebrate species are able to use the burned areas.[30]

Shrublands
Lightning-sparked wildfires are frequent occurrences on shrublands and grasslands in Nevada.

Shrub fires typically concentrate in the canopy and spread continuously if the shrubs are close enough together. Shrublands are typically dry and are prone to accumulations of highly volatile fuels, especially on hillsides. Fires will follow the path of least moisture and the greatest amount of dead fuel material. Surface and below-ground soil temperatures during a burn are generally higher than those of forest fires because the centers of combustion lie closer to the ground, although this can vary greatly.[22] Common plants in shrubland or chaparral include manzanita, chamise and Coyote Brush.

California shrublands

California shrubland, commonly known as chaparral, is a widespread plant community of low growing species, typically on arid sloping areas of the California Coast Ranges or western foothills of the Sierra Nevada. There are a number of common shrubs and tree shrub forms in this association, including salal, toyon, coffeeberry and Western poison oak.[31] Regeneration following a fire is usually a major factor in the association of these species.

South African Fynbos shrublands

Fynbos shrublands occur in a small belt across South Africa. The plant species in this ecosystem are highly diverse, yet the majority of these species are obligate seeders, that is, a fire will cause germination of the seeds and the plants will begin a new life-cycle because of it. These plants may have coevolved into obligate seeders as a response to fire and nutrient-poor soils.[32] 

Because fire is common in this ecosystem and the soil has limited nutrients, it is most efficient for plants to produce many seeds and then die in the next fire. Investing a lot of energy in roots to survive the next fire when those roots will be able to extract little extra benefit from the nutrient-poor soil would be less efficient. It is possible that the rapid generation time that these obligate seeders display has led to more rapid evolution and speciation in this ecosystem, resulting in its highly diverse plant community.[32]

Grasslands

Grasslands burn more readily than forest and shrub ecosystems, with the fire moving through the stems and leaves of herbaceous plants and only lightly heating the underlying soil, even in cases of high intensity. In most grassland ecosystems, fire is the primary mode of decomposition, making it crucial in the recycling of nutrients.[22] 

In some grassland systems, fire only became the primary mode of decomposition after the disappearance of large migratory herds of browsing or grazing megafauna driven by predator pressure. In the absence of functional communities of large migratory herds of herbivorous megafauna and attendant predators, overuse of fire to maintain grassland ecosystems may lead to excessive oxidation, loss of carbon, and desertification in susceptible climates.[33] Some grassland ecosystems respond poorly to fire.[34]

North American grasslands

In North America fire-adapted invasive grasses such as Bromus tectorum contribute to increased fire frequency which exerts selective pressure against native species. This is a concern for grasslands in the Western United States.[34]

In less arid grassland presettlement fires worked in concert [35] with grazing to create a healthy grassland ecosystem [36] as indicated by the accumulation of soil organic matter significantly altered by fire. [37] [38] [39] The tallgrass prairie ecosystem in the Flint Hills of eastern Kansas and Oklahoma is responding positively to the current use of fire in combination with grazing.[40]

South African savanna

In the savanna of South Africa, recently burned areas have new growth that provides palatable and nutritious forage compared to older, tougher grasses. This new forage attracts large herbivores from areas of unburned and grazed grassland that has been kept short by constant grazing. On these unburned "lawns", only those plant species adapted to heavy grazing are able to persist; but the distraction provided by the newly burned areas allows grazing-intolerant grasses to grow back into the lawns that have been temporarily abandoned, so allowing these species to persist within that ecosystem.[41]

Longleaf pine savannas
Yellow pitcher plant is dependent upon recurring fire in coastal plain savannas and flatwoods.

Much of the southeastern United States was once open longleaf pine forest with a rich understory of grasses, sedges, carnivorous plants and orchids. The above maps shows that these ecosystems (coded as pale blue) had the highest fire frequency of any habitat, once per decade or less. Without fire, deciduous forest trees invade, and their shade eliminates both the pines and the understory. Some of the typical plants associated with fire include Yellow Pitcher Plant and Rose pogonia. The abundance and diversity of such plants is closely related to fire frequency. Rare animals such as gopher tortoises and indigo snakes also depend upon these open grasslands and flatwoods.[42] Hence, the restoration of fire is a priority to maintain species composition and biological diversity.[43]

Fire in wetlands

Although it may seem strange, many kinds of wetlands are also influenced by fire. This usually occurs during periods of drought. In landscapes with peat soils, such as bogs, the peat substrate itself may burn, leaving holes that refill with water as new ponds. Fires that are less intense will remove accumulated litter and allow other wetland plants to regenerate from buried seeds, or from rhizomes. 

Wetlands that are influenced by fire include coastal marshes, wet prairies, peat bogs, floodplains, prairie marshes and flatwoods. [44] Since wetlands can store large amounts of carbon in peat, the fire frequency of vast northern peatlands is linked to processes controlling the carbon dioxide levels of the atmosphere, and to the phenomenon of global warming. [45] Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is abundant in wetlands and plays a critical role in their ecology. In the Florida Everglades, a significant portion of the DOC is "dissolved charcoal" indicating that fire can play a critical role in wetland ecosystems.[46]

Fire suppression
Main article: Wildfire suppression

Fire serves many important functions within fire-adapted ecosystems. Fire plays an important role in nutrient cycling, diversity maintenance and habitat structure. The suppression of fire can lead to unforeseen changes in ecosystems that often adversely affect the plants, animals and humans that depend upon that habitat. Wildfires that deviate from a historical fire regime because of fire suppression are called "uncharacteristic fires".

Chaparral communities

In 2003, southern California witnessed powerful chaparral wildfires. Hundreds of homes and hundreds of thousands of acres of land went up in flames. Extreme fire weather (low humidity, low fuel moisture and high winds) and the accumulation of dead plant material from 8 years of drought, contributed to a catastrophic outcome. Although some have maintained that fire suppression contributed to an unnatural buildup of fuel loads,[47] a detailed analysis of historical fire data has showed that this may not have been the case.[48] 

Fire suppression activities had failed to exclude fire from the southern California chaparral. Research showing differences in fire size and frequency between southern California and Baja has been used to imply that the larger fires north of the border are the result of fire suppression, but this opinion has been challenged by numerous investigators and is no longer supported by the majority of fire ecologists.

One consequence of the fires in 2003 has been the increased density of invasive and non-native plant species that have quickly colonized burned areas, especially those that had already been burned in the previous 15 years. Because shrubs in these communities are adapted to a particular historical fire regime, altered fire regimes may change the selective pressures on plants and favor invasive and non-native species that are better able to exploit the novel post-fire conditions.[49]

Fish impacts

The Boise National Forest is a US national forest located north and east of the city of Boise, Idaho. Following several uncharacteristically large wildfires, an immediately negative impact on fish populations was observed, posing particular danger to small and isolated fish populations.[50] In the long term, however, fire appears to rejuvenate fish habitats by causing hydraulic changes that increase flooding and lead to silt removal and the deposition of a favorable habitat substrate. 

This leads to larger post-fire populations of the fish that are able to recolonize these improved areas.[50] But although fire generally appears favorable for fish populations in these ecosystems, the more intense effects of uncharacteristic wildfires, in combination with the fragmentation of populations by human barriers to dispersal such as weirs and dams, will pose a threat to fish populations.

Fire as a management tool

Restoration ecology is the name given to an attempt to reverse or mitigate some of the changes that humans have caused to an ecosystem. Controlled burning is one tool that is currently receiving considerable attention as a means of restoration and management. Applying fire to an ecosystem may create habitats for species that have been negatively impacted by fire suppression, or fire may be used as a way of controlling invasive species without resorting to herbicides or pesticides. However, there is debate as to what state managers should aim to restore their ecosystems to, especially as to whether "natural" means pre-human or pre-European. 

Native American use of fire, not natural fires, historically maintained the diversity of the savannas of North America.[51][52] When, how, and where managers should use fire as a management tool is a subject of debate.

The Great Plains shortgrass prairie
Further information: Shortgrass prairie

A combination of heavy livestock grazing and fire-suppression has drastically altered the structure, composition, and diversity of the shortgrass prairie ecosystem on the Great Plains, allowing woody species to dominate many areas and promoting fire-intolerant invasive species. In semi-arid ecosystems where the decomposition of woody material is slow, fire is crucial for returning nutrients to the soil and allowing the grasslands to maintain their high productivity.

Although fire can occur during the growing or the dormant seasons, managed fire during the dormant season is most effective at increasing the grass and forb cover, biodiversity and plant nutrient uptake in shortgrass prairies.[53] Managers must also take into account, however, how invasive and non-native species respond to fire if they want to restore the integrity of a native ecosystem. 

For example, fire can only control the invasive spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) on the Michigan tallgrass prairie in the summer, because this is the time in the knapweed's life cycle that is most important to its reproductive growth.[54]

Mixed conifer forests in the US Sierra Nevada

Mixed conifer forests in the United States Sierra Nevada used to have fire return intervals that ranged from 5 years up to 300 years, depending on the local climate. Lower elevations had more frequent fire return intervals, whilst higher and wetter elevations saw much longer intervals between fires. Native Americans tended to set fires during fall and winter, and land at a higher elevation was generally occupied by Native Americans only during the summer.[55]

Finnish boreal forests

The decline of habitat area and quality has caused many species populations to be red-listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. According to a study on forest management of Finnish boreal forests, improving the habitat quality of areas outside reserves can help in conservation efforts of endangered deadwood-dependent beetles. 

These beetles and various types of fungi both need dead trees in order to survive. Old growth forests can provide this particular habitat. However, most Fennoscandian boreal forested areas are used for timber and therefore are unprotected. The use of controlled burning and tree retention of a forested area with deadwood was studied and its effect on the endangered beetles. The study found that after the first year of management the number of species increased in abundance and richness compared to pre-fire treatment. The abundance of beetles continued to increase the following year in sites where tree retention was high and deadwood was abundant. The correlation between forest fire management and increased beetle populations shows a key to conserving these red-listed species.[56]

Australian eucalypt forests

Much of the old growth eucalypt forest in Australia is designated for conservation. Management of these forests is important because species like Eucalyptus grandis rely on fire to survive. There are a few eucalypt species that do not have a lignotuber, a root swelling structure that contains buds where new shoots can then sprout. During a fire a lignotuber is helpful in the reestablishment of the plant. Because some eucalypts do not have this particular mechanism, forest fire management can be helpful by creating rich soil, killing competitors, and allowing seeds to be released.[57]

Management policies
United States

Fire policy in the United States involves the federal government, individual state governments, tribal governments, interest groups, and the general public. The new federal outlook on fire policy parallels advances in ecology and is moving towards the view that many ecosystems depend on disturbance for their diversity and for the proper maintenance of their natural processes. Although human safety is still the number one priority in fire management, new US government objectives include a long-term view of ecosystems. The newest policy allows managers to gauge the relative values of private property and resources in particular situations and to set their priorities accordingly.[14]

One of the primary goals in fire management is to improve public education in order to eliminate the "Smokey Bear" fire-suppression mentality and introduce the public to the benefits of regular natural fires.

See also


THE FIRE CYCLE (WITH HUMAN INTERVENTION) WILL BECOME MORE COMMON; THANKS TO GLOBAL WARMING DENIERS LIKE THE KOCH BROTHERS








































The Terrifying Legacy of  David Koch | Common Dreams Views
The main reason they did all this, of course, was to protect and expand their gigantic fortunes — which were and are heavily based on fossil fuels. (In classic libertarian John Galt fashion, they inherited their money from their father, who was a founding member of the John Birch Society, and made most of their additional money paying other people to dig up natural resources they neither created nor found.) As Jane Mayer writes in a review of Kochland:

Leonard also quotes Philip Ellender, Koch Industries’ top lobbyist, as claiming, in 2014, that the Earth had gotten cooler in the previous eighteen years. In fact, according to NASA, eighteen of the nineteen hottest years on record have occurred in the past two decades. Yet the Koch machine bought its way into Congress and turned climate-change denial into an unchallengeable Republican talking point. Meanwhile, after the cap-and-trade bill died, the planet continued heating, and the Kochs’ net worth doubled. [The New Yorker]

One underrated part of extreme inequality is how it warps the public discourse. In this case, two ultra-rich men with a bottom line to protect were able to spend so much on propaganda, campaign donations, university donations, and so on that they turned the brains in one of two American political parties to rancid tapioca. A nation with an egalitarian income distribution is one in which regular people have a much greater freedom to think.
































Go deeper

Billionaires Like Koch Brothers, Sheldon Adelson Pick Candidates Via Private 'Primaries', 'Steer' Elections Via Mass Media Control, Corrupt Elections Via Niagara Falls of Money, Libertarian AIPAC, Israel Control

AFTER SUPPRESSING FIRES IN A GIVEN AREA FOR HUNDREDS OF YEARS, WHAT WILL BE THE RESULT, COMBINED WITH GLOBAL WARMING, DESERTIFICATION AND HUMAN CLEAR CUTTING/DEVELOPMENT? 


What will be the man caused timing of fires in various ecosystems with the additional human caused global warming?

Desert; fires will happen 

Grasslands, Steppe, Prairies; fires will occur more often than every 1-5 years 

Woodland, Chaparral/Brush areas; fires will occur more often than every 5-20 years

 Mixed conifer Sierra Nevada fires will occur more often than every 5-300 years  

Savanna forests; fires will occur more often than every 15-70 years 

Rain forests; fires will occur much more often than every 300-800 years 

SUMMARY; HUMANS ARE CAUSING A MASS EXTINCTION EVENT, AND TRIGGERING DOZENS OF NEGATIVE TIPPING POINTS, SO THE SUFFERING WILL ONLY GET WORSE AND MORE INTENSE UNTIL THE LESSON IS LEARNED

Anything that is not sustainable, is TERMINAL.

Humans are waging so many wars on Nature, and they actually believe that they can 'win' these wars. Nature always wins every war, and humans have no chance at 'winning'. The consequences of losing the war on Nature means much suffering, hunger, sickness, cancer and loss of life, as humans refuse to learn and work in harmony with Nature.

The house is on fire, literally. There is a planetary extinction event happening, but many people are denying that there is even a fire or that anything is other than 'normal'. They refuse to call the fire department. They refuse to make any changes. They refuse to help. They accuse those who are pointing at the fire of spreading conspiracy theories and try and stop them from helping. 

137 Species Being Lost Per Day, 50,000 Species Lost Per Year Globally In 6th Human Caused Holocene Extinction Event; Mars Is A Billionaires Escape Pipe Dream; Will Cloning Help Or Hinder? Dolly The Cloned Sheep; Birth, Life, Death And Legacy

Oxford University Global Life Extinction Warnings, Dr Helen Caldicott; Humanity Triggered 45 Global Life Extinction Risks Plus Planet Earth Emergencies; 2 Angels Offer Positive Future Vision For Humanity And 45 Reasons For Hope

THOSE WHO CANNOT HEAR THE TRUTH AND RESPOND TO IT, HAVE TO LEARN THE HARD WAY, THROUGH DIRECT EXPERIENCE THAT RESULTS IN SUFFERING AND KARMIC CONSEQUENCES


Those who don't learn the easy way, will have to learn the hard way, and suffer more. On the Republican side, the denials are complete and total. 
























On the Democrats side, the denial consists of refusing to take transformative actions, and refusing to debate the issue at all during the Presidential debates. 


































As a negative consequence of humans being stuck in denial and refusing to take action, the era we are now entering into will be known as the age of fire.

More and more fires will become the norm, as the planet heats up and dries out.

Areas with high humidity and heat will experience more rain storms and higher rainfall amounts, that may include a whole month or years worth of rain in one day. 






































Areas that never used to burn except for once in a 1000 years, will burn much more frequently, in this age.

Areas that burned infrequently, such as once in 100 years, will burn frequently.

Areas that burned frequently, will burn more frequently and the fires will burn hotter, with flames that go higher.

Deserts that never burn, will burn, or will dry out to the point where even desert plants will be dying.

Water will become more scarce and worth it's weight in gold in some areas, especially in desert nations.

As more and more glaciers disappear and droughts get longer plus deeper, water sources that formerly were abundant and seemingly without end, will dry up and disappear as well, including springs, wells and groundwater.

Droughts will grow longer and deeper, to the point where even the deepest and largest dams will have no water behind them, and everyone downstream will be suffering from that lack of water. 

The global mass extinction event will speed up and grow ever more apparent. 

WHAT YOU CAN DO








































Build with straw, adobe, bamboo or natural local materials, instead of wood from trees.

Vote only for politicians who take no corporate money and who are not billionaires.

Support the Green New Deal, proposed by Sanders and progressive Democrats.

Don't build in flood plains, or in densely forested areas.

Don't cut down old growth forests.

Plant trees.

Get prepared, and avoid breathing in the radioactive smoke as much as possible.
































Go deeper

Got Smoky Or Polluted Outdoor Air? Much Of US Covered By Forest Fire Smoke; How To Clean Indoor Air With A Box Fan And Merv 13 Or FPR10 Furnace Air Filter; Protect Your Lungs When Going Outside With A P95 Respirator

Radioactive Forests Emit Radioactive Heavy Metal Poison Smoke As Wildfires Across Globe Increasing In Size; Areas Burned Have Doubled, Says US Forest Service Fire Science Lab And Journal Nature, Clean Indoor Air With Box Fan And Merv 13 Furnace Filter





































Measure your carbon footprint. Then reduce it, and set a goal of getting it to ZERO both personally and then work on getting your local neighborhood and community to do the same thing. 

Carbon Footprint; How To Calculate It For Home, Farm, Business; Zero Carbon, Zero Nuclear Future Required, How To Turn 6 Pounds Of Gasoline Into 20 Pounds Of CO2; How And Why Nuclear Energy Is Not The Answer

WHAT YOU CAN DO; COLLABORATE, LEARN, TRANSFORM, DONATE, SHARE, SUPPORT, SPONSOR, CONNECT, COMMENT, ENDORSE, ETC.

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Fires Are A Natural Part Of Ecosystems In Grass Prairies, Savanna, Chaparral, Coniferous Forests And Rain Forests - Suppressing Natural Forest Fires Only Makes Them Worse When They Do Happen, And Eliminates Many Species -  Fire Ecology And Timing Of Fires In Various Ecosystems Is Part Of Natural Law
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